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<title>Zulia</title>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zulia</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Zulia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zulia (disambiguation)">Zulia (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Zulia</div>

<div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><i>Suuria (<a href="Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a>)</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.2em;">Zulia State</span><br><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style><span class="nobold"><i>Estado Zulia</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></span><br><span class="nobold"><i>Mma'ipakat Suuria</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Mountains in <a href="Machiques" title="Machiques">Machiques de Perijá</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">

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<div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <i><a href="Zulia_State_Anthem" title="Zulia State Anthem">Sobre Palmas</a></i>

<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location within <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:9.84,-72.25"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°50′N</span> <span class="longitude">72°15′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.84°N 72.25°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.84; -72.25</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">1864</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="Legislative_Council_of_Zulia" title="Legislative Council of Zulia">Legislative Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="List_of_Governors_of_States_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of States of Venezuela">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text external" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Caldera">Luis Caldera</a> <small>(2025–2029)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">50,230 km<sup>2</sup> (19,390 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ranked_list_of_Venezuelan_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked list of Venezuelan states">5th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">6.92% of Venezuela</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2017 estimate)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,125,579</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ranked_list_of_Venezuelan_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked list of Venezuelan states">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">100/km<sup>2</sup> (260/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">18.29% of Venezuela</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="Time_in_Venezuela" title="Time in Venezuela">VET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="ISO_3166-2%3AVE" title="ISO 3166-2:VE">VE-V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_emblematic_trees_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of emblematic trees of Venezuela">Emblematic tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Coconut <span class="nowrap"><small>(<i><a href="Cocos_nucifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a></i>)</small></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2019)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.697<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">

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</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fc0">medium</span> · <a href="Ranked_list_of_Venezuelan_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked list of Venezuelan states">13th of 24</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612071201/http://www.gobernaciondelzulia.gov.ve:80/">web<wbr>.archive<wbr>.org<wbr>/web<wbr>/20080612071201<wbr>/http:<wbr>//www<wbr>.gobernaciondelzulia<wbr>.gov<wbr>.ve:80<wbr>/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Zulia State</b> (<a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Estado Zulia</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa">[esˈtaðo<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsulja]</span>; <a href="Wayuu_language" title="Wayuu language">Wayuu</a>: <i>Mma’ipakat Suuria</i>) is one of the <a href="States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">23 states</a> of <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. The state capital is <a href="Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>. As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,704,404, making it the most populous state in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zulia is also notable for being one of the few states in Venezuela where <i><a href="Voseo" title="Voseo">voseo</a></i>—the use of <i>vos</i> as the second-person singular pronoun—is widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is coterminous with the eponymous <a href="Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">region</a> of <a href="Zulian_Region%2C_Venezuela" title="Zulian Region, Venezuela">Zulia</a>.

</p><p>Zulia is located in northwestern Venezuela, bordering <a href="Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>, the largest body of its kind in <a href="Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. The lake's basin holds some of the largest oil and gas reserves in the <a href="Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Zulia is economically significant due to its oil and mineral exploitation, but it is also one of Venezuela's major agricultural regions. The state contributes notably in livestock, <a href="Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, fruits, meat, and milk.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2></div>

<p>There are several competing theories about the origin of the state's name. One holds that Guaimaral, son of the <a href="Cacique" title="Cacique">cacique</a> Mara, was on pilgrimage in the <a href="Pamplona%2C_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamplona, Colombia">Pamplona</a> region, where he fell in love with a woman named Zulia. She was killed in a battle against the Spanish conquerors. Gaimaral returned in sorrow to his father's territory and named rivers, towns and regions in her memory. While there is little historical evidence to support the story, it remains the most widespread version.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_Colonization">Before Colonization</h3></div>

<p>Indigenous peoples have lived in the region for a long time, including the <a href="Yukpa_people" title="Yukpa people">Yukpa</a>, <a href="Bar%C3%AD_people" title="Barí people">Barí</a>, <a href="Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawakos (Western)</a>, <a href="Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timotes and Cuica</a>, <a href="Caquetio" title="Caquetio">Caquetío</a>, <a href="Wayuu_people" title="Wayuu people">Wayúu</a>, and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_a%C3%B1%C3%BA" class="extiw external" title="es:Pueblo añú">Añú</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Colonization">Spanish Colonization</h3></div>

<p>The area now known as Zulia was first seen by Europeans in 1499 during an expedition led by <a href="Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1527, the Spanish Crown transferred the governorship and lands of the <a href="Venezuela_Province" title="Venezuela Province">Venezuela Province</a> to the <a href="Welser_family" title="Welser family">Welser banking family</a> of <a href="Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ambrosius_Ehinger" title="Ambrosius Ehinger">Ambrosio Dalfinger</a>, a representative of the Welsers, became the first governor and conqueror of the region.

</p><p>Dalfinger led expeditions from Coro to Maracaibo between 1528 and 1529, and later along the eastern shore of Lake Maracaibo to the mouth of the <a href="Motat%C3%A1n_River" title="Motatán River">Motatán River</a>. These were the first sustained contacts between Europeans and the Indigenous peoples of the lake region after its initial discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

These daring ventures, which required considerable courage and effort, inspired the chronicler <a href="Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">Juan de Castellanos</a>, who included them in his epic poem <a href="Eleg%C3%ADas_de_varones_ilustres_de_Indias" title="Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias"><i>Elegies of Illustrious Men of the Indies</i></a>, completed around 1590.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>During the Spanish colonial period, the territory was part of the Venezuela Province until 1676, when it was merged into the <a href="M%C3%A9rida_Province_(Spanish_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mérida Province (Spanish Empire)">Province of Mérida del Espiritu Santo de la Grita</a>, forming the <a href="Maracaibo_Province_(Spanish_Empire)" title="Maracaibo Province (Spanish Empire)">Maracaibo Province</a> (Espiritu Santo de Maracaibo).<sup id="cite_ref-histdic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histdic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EspSanto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EspSanto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The territory that now forms the State of Zulia was established as the Province of Maracaibo in 1678 and, along with Mérida, became part of the <a href="Viceroyalty_of_the_New_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of the New Granada">Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was governed by the President of Royal Audiencia, whose official seat was in <a href="Bogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogota">Santa Fé de Bogotá</a>. Its jurisdiction extended — often in an inconsistent and impractical manner — over the provinces of <a href="Guayana_Province" title="Guayana Province">Guayana</a>, Cumaná, Maracaibo, and the islands of <a href="Margarita_Island" title="Margarita Island">Margarita</a> and <a href="Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>.

</p><p>The administrative challenges posed by this scattered and diverse territory led the Court of <a href="Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> to reorganize the structure. By Royal Decree on September 8, 1777, the Provinces of Maracaibo, Cumaná, Guayana and the Islands of Margarita and Trinidad were incorporated into the newly established <a href="Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General of Venezuela</a> (Caracas).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By Royal Decree on February 15, 1785, the city of <a href="Barinas%2C_Barinas" title="Barinas, Barinas">Barinas</a> and its dependencies, which had belonged to the Province of Maracaibo, were separated to form a new province. In exchange, the city of <a href="Trujillo%2C_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Trujillo, Venezuela">Trujillo</a>, previously part of the <a href="Province_of_Caracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Caracas">Province of Caracas</a>, was incorporated into the Province of Maracaibo. By 1789, the province encompassed the territory of the present-day Venezuelan states of Zulia, <a href="Apure" title="Apure">Apure</a>, <a href="Barinas_(state)" title="Barinas (state)">Barinas</a>, <a href="T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a>, <a href="M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a>, and Trujillo.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1810, Mérida and Trujillo were separated as new provinces. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Province of Maracaibo included, in addition to its capital, the cities of <a href="M%C3%A9rida%2C_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a>, Trujillo, <a href="San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_T%C3%A1chira" title="San Cristóbal, Táchira">San Cristóbal</a>, El Rosario de Perijá, and <a href="Sinamaica" title="Sinamaica">San Bartolomé de Sinamaica</a>, along with their respective dependencies. After Mérida declared its independence, it was formally separated as its own province, while Maracaibo remained under Spanish control until January 18, 1821, when it joined <a href="Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>, proclaiming its independence from the Government of Madrid.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_period">Republican period</h3></div>

<p>The Zulia Province declared independence from Spain on January 28, 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Gran Colombia period, in 1824, it was renamed the “<a href="Zulia_Department" title="Zulia Department">Zulia Department</a>” in honor of the <a href="Zulia_River" title="Zulia River">Zulia River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constituent Congress of 1824 divided the territory of Colombia into four departments, one of which was Zulia, composed of the provinces of <a href="Coro_Province" title="Coro Province">Coro</a>, <a href="M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a>, and Maracaibo.

</p><p>When Gran Colombia was dissolved in 1830, Maracaibo became a province composed of its own territory and that of Trujillo. One year later, the Trujillo Section was elevated to the status of a separate province, definitively separating from Maracaibo. With the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830, the region was officially named <a href="Maracaibo_Province_(Venezuela)" title="Maracaibo Province (Venezuela)">Maracaibo Province</a> and became one of the 11 original <a href="Provinces_of_Venezuela" title="Provinces of Venezuela">provinces of Venezuela</a>.

</p><p>In 1835, the territory of Maracaibo Province was divided into five cantons: Maracaibo, Perijá, Zulia, <a href="Gibraltar%2C_Venezuela" title="Gibraltar, Venezuela">Gibraltar</a>, and Altagracia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By decree on April 9, 1850, the parishes of La Ceiba and La Ceibita, previously belonging to Maracaibo, were transferred to the Province of Trujillo, giving the Andean province access to Lake Maracaibo.

</p><p>The <a href="Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Venezuelan federal constitution</a> of April 22, 1864, changed the designation of "province" to "state", creating the "State of Maracaibo" on the same territory previously held by the province. At the end of that same year, the state's legislature decided to rename it the "Sovereign State of Zulia", although this name lasted only a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-histzuliagov_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histzuliagov-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1874, the name was officially changed again to “Zulia State”. By federal government order in 1881, the state was merged with <a href="Falc%C3%B3n" title="Falcón">Falcón</a> to form the combined <a href="Falc%C3%B3n_Zulia" title="Falcón Zulia">Falcón-Zulia State</a>. Its autonomous status was restored on April 1, 1890, when Congress passed legislation separating it from Falcón. The state underwent further territorial changes toward the end of the 19th century, until its current <a href="National_boundary_delimitation" title="National boundary delimitation">delimitation</a> was finalized in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, it has been officially known as “Estado Zulia”.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div>

<p>Zulia encompasses a wide range of geographical features. It includes plains, mountains, and Lake Maracaibo, which receives water and sediment from approximately 135 rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The region also contains lagoons, swamps, and marshes in its lower-lying areas, particularly near the mouths of rivers and in wetland zones such as the Ciénagas del Catatumbo National Park.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zulia features both arid zones and areas of high humidity, reflecting its complex topography and climatic variation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes densely populated urban centers, such as Maracaibo, with over 10,000 inhabitants per square kilometer, and vast semi-populated territories like the Perijá mountains and the swamps of Juan Manuel, where population density drops below 10 inhabitants per square kilometer. Some parts of the state are economically prosperous, while others experience significant poverty and underdevelopment, due in part to uneven regional development.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Lake <a href="Maracaibo_Basin" title="Maracaibo Basin">Maracaibo Basin</a> covers much of the northern and western parts of the state, from the <a href="Guajira_Peninsula" title="Guajira Peninsula">Guajira Peninsula</a> to the <a href="Perij%C3%A1_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Perijá Mountains">Perijá Mountains</a>. The Venezuelan Andean states of <a href="T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a>, <a href="M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a> and <a href="Trujillo_(state)" title="Trujillo (state)">Trujillo</a> border Zulia at the southern end of Lake Maracaibo.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The name <i>Venezuela</i> is believed to have originated from Lake Maracaibo. When Spanish <a href="Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">conquistadors</a> sailed into the area, they encountered indigenous communities living in stilt-supported huts along the lake's shore. Reminded of <a href="Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, they named the region "Little Venice" or <i>Venezuela</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nameorig_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nameorig-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lake contains several islands, some of which are inhabited.

</p><p>Near the mouth of the <a href="Catatumbo_River" title="Catatumbo River">Catatumbo River</a>, where it flows into Lake Maracaibo, occurs the famous <a href="Catatumbo_lightning" title="Catatumbo lightning">Catatumbo lightning</a> (<i>Relámpago del Catatumbo</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-slate_catatumbo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate_catatumbo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is represented on Zulia's flag and coat of arms by lightning bolts.

</p><p>Due to its geographical location, Zulia possesses significant geostrategic and geopolitical advantages. The region's diverse geography, geology and hydrography offer a wide range of natural resources, supporting agriculture, livestock, forestry, mining, fishing and tourism. Its infrastructure, particularly lake and marine routes, facilitates international trade, making Zulia an important economic hub in western Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphologically</a>, Zulia can be described as a depression centered around the Lake Maracaibo basin, surrounded by mountains and coastal lowlands. Its geological evolution is linked to the collision of the <a href="South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a> with the <a href="Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a> and remnants of the <a href="Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca Plate</a>. Tectonic activity during the Upper Eocene and Miocene–Pliocene periods shaped the <a href="Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and <a href="Serran%C3%ADa_del_Perij%C3%A1" title="Serranía del Perijá">Perijá Mountains</a> and defined the current landscape of the Maracaibo basin and surrounding plains.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>These orogenic processes caused the Perijá Mountains to rise less dramatically than the Andes, resulting in more moderate topography.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>To the southeast, the Sierra de Ziruma extends as a pre-mountain range composed mainly of Tertiary rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the most recent classifications, Zulia comprises three primary physical-natural regions: the Perijá Mountain Range, the Corian Sierras, and the Maracaibo basin with its adjoining coastal plains near the <a href="Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perijá_mountain_range">Perijá mountain range</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Serran%C3%ADa_del_Perij%C3%A1" title="Serranía del Perijá">Serranía del Perijá</a></div>

<p>The natural region of the Cordillera de Perijá, also known as the western Andean mountain range, is located in the western part of Zulia. This region occupies an area of 4,170.55 km<sup>2</sup>, representing 12.92% of the state's total area. Portions of Machiques de Perijá, <a href="Rosario_de_Perij%C3%A1_Municipality" title="Rosario de Perijá Municipality">Rosario de Perijá</a>, <a href="Jes%C3%BAs_Enrique_Lossada_Municipality" title="Jesús Enrique Lossada Municipality">Jesús Enrique Lossada</a>, Mara, and Guajira fall within this natural region.

</p><p>The Perijá mountain range is considered a tectonic <a href="Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horst</a>, beginning in the valley of the Intermedio River, extending and narrowing in a south–north direction until it reaches the Montes de Oca, beyond which lie the lowlands of the <a href="Guajira_Peninsula" title="Guajira Peninsula">Guajira isthmus</a>. The range comprises five major landscape units: the Sierra de Motilones, Sierra de Perijá, Sierra de Valledupar, Montes de Oca, and the surrounding foothills and valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valleys">Valleys</h3></div>

<p>Between the Perijá mountain range and Lake Maracaibo lies a broad, flat plain. Due to variations in topography, drainage, soil (edaphic) characteristics, and vegetation, the region can be divided into two distinct zones.

</p><p>The northwestern area has slightly uneven terrain, with hills in some sectors, a sparse hydrographic network, sandy soils, and low organic matter content.

</p><p>In contrast, the southern zone, located between the <a href="Palmar_River" title="Palmar River">Palmar River</a> and the Catatumbo River, consists of extremely flat, low-lying land. Areas closest to Lake Maracaibo are prone to flooding during the rainy season or when rivers overflow, resulting in the formation of alluvial sandy-clay soils.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_Maracaibo_Depression">Lake Maracaibo Depression</h3></div>

<p>This natural region includes the 21 municipalities that make up the state of Zulia, occupying an area of 24,377.81 km<sup>2</sup>, which represents 75.51% of the state's territory. At the center of the depression lies a deeply engraved tectonic basin filled by the waters of the Lake Maracaibo system, where more than 10,000 m3 of sediments has accumulated. These sediments, dating from the <a href="Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> (Mesozoic) to the <a href="Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Recent Cenozoic</a>, are of both marine and terrestrial origin.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>These geological deposits contain a significant accumulation of <a href="Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a>, making the Maracaibo Basin one of the richest <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> regions in <a href="South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.

</p>

<p>The tectonic fossa is a result of orogenesis directly related to the uplift of the Perijá and Andean mountain ranges during the Tertiary period (late Eocene and Oligo-Miocene), as well as the uplift of the Falcón mountain ranges (Oligo-Miocene).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This basin occupies approximately 12,870 km² of surface area.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alluvial_plains">Alluvial plains</h3></div>

<p>This type of landscape is formed by the deposition of sediments from rivers along the western and eastern margins of the state of Zulia, specifically in the lower courses of the Limón, Guasare, Cachirí, and Socuy rivers (municipalities of Mara Jesús Enrique Lossada) and the Palmar, San Juan, and Apón rivers (municipalities of Rosario de Perijá, Machiques de Perijá, and La Cañada de Urdaneta) in the western alluvial plains.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the eastern alluvial plains (municipalities of Miranda, <a href="Cabimas" title="Cabimas">Cabimas</a>, Santa Rita, and <a href="Lagunillas_Municipality%2C_Zulia" title="Lagunillas Municipality, Zulia">Lagunillas</a>), the plains are formed by sediments from the Araure, Mene, Ulé, Tamare, Pueblo Viejo, Machango, and Misoa rivers.

</p><p>These plains are flat, of recent geological origin, and low in elevation, generally ranging from 50 to 100 meters above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swamps_of_Southern_Lake_Maracaibo">Swamps of Southern Lake Maracaibo</h3></div>

<p>The swampy landscape of Zulia corresponds to the southern lands of Lake Maracaibo. They occupy an area of 1,766.53 km<sup>2</sup>, which represents 5% of the state. In this plain, the Santa Ana River system converges, formed on its left bank by the Lora and Aricuaisá Rivers, and by the <a href="Tucuro_River" title="Tucuro River">Tucuro</a> and Río Negro Rivers in their lower course, forming highly floodable lands with numerous river branches, lagoons, and lakes. Among these features, the <a href="Ci%C3%A9nagas_del_Catatumbo_National_Park" title="Ciénagas del Catatumbo National Park">Ciénagas de Juan Manuel National Park</a> stands out.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To the southeast of the Santa Ana, towards the southern area of the lake, the Catatumbo river system, to which the Socuavó, <a href="Tarra_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarra River">Tarra</a>, and Zulia rivers drain, also provides significant volumes of water and sediments to the marshes. Toward the southeast of the lake, in the sector located between the Pocó and <a href="Escalante_River_(Venezuela)" title="Escalante River (Venezuela)">Escalante</a> rivers, there is close contact with the northwestern Andean slope, and there is a reduced relief of excrement cones, terraces and torrential lava flows that sometimes manifest themselves in low, rounded hills.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div>

<p>In the northern sector, a <a href="Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> prevails, with an irregular <a href="Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> regime. The annual mean precipitation registered in Maracaibo ranges between 358 and 665.99 mm (14.094 and 26.220 in), with a median temperature of 28 °C (82 °F). Precipitation increases in the western and eastern regions of Lake Maracaibo, forming a wet <a href="Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a>, with average annual temperatures ranging from 27 °C to 28 °C, and rainfall exceeding 1,000 mm (39 in), as recorded in Mene Grande. In the southern lake region, increased rainfall conforms to a <a href="Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> with an average annual precipitation of 2,556 mm, surpassing 3,500 mm per year in the highlands of the <a href="Serrania_de_Perija" class="mw-redirect" title="Serrania de Perija">Serrania de Perija</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-goblinzulia_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goblinzulia-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The geographical location and the diversity of natural landscapes present in Zulia, along with the presence of Lake Maracaibo, contribute to the wide variety of climates in the state. According to <a href="K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, these include desert climates (Bwhi), semi-and tropical climates (BSh), tropical savannah and sub-humid forest climates (Aw), tropical rainforest and savannah (Aw), tropical monsoon (Am), tropical rainforest (Af), very humid tropical temperate (Cfa), humid tropical temperate (Cwa), and undefined mountain climates.

</p><p>Lake Maracaibo and its basin work together to produce high levels of rainfall. However, in the northern part of the state, the wind combined with flat terrain causes arid conditions, with average annual precipitation ranging between 200 mm and 600 mm and annual evaporation surpassing precipitation. For example, Maracaibo recorded an average annual evaporation of 2,339 mm during the 1993-2003 period.

</p><p>Precipitation distribution in Zulia is influenced by <a href="Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, showing an increase from north to south in the average annual precipitation of the Maracaibo (488 mm), Cabimas (528.9 mm) and Santa Bárbara (1,366.5 mm) stations. This trend follows a latitudinal gradient, except for the El Tucuco station (2,032.9 mm), where elevated rainfall is explained by its altitude (205 meters above sea level), with <a href="Orography" title="Orography">orography</a> enhancing precipitation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a> structure of Zulia is a semicircular depression that defines a hydrographic pattern classified as <a href="Radial_drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial drainage">radial drainage</a>—in which water from surrounding divides flows toward a common outlet: Lake Maracaibo. This characteristic pattern is shaped by the state's topography.

</p><p>Zulia's <a href="Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographic</a> network comprises numerous river basins and sub-basins covering parts of Zulia, <a href="Lara_(state)" title="Lara (state)">Lara</a>, <a href="T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a>, Mérida, Trujillo, and parts of <a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, primarily drained by the Catatumbo River and its tributaries. All of these rivers flow into the interconnected system of Lake Maracaibo, the strait of Maracaibo, and El Tablazo Bay.

</p><p>Some sources classify the Maracaibo system as consisting of four closely related water bodies: the <a href="Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a>, El Tablazo Bay, the Maracaibo Strait, and Lake Maracaibo. Although the estuarine zone is primarily made up of the strait and bay, the estuarine biota cannot be fully understood without considering all adjacent waters.

</p><p>The Gulf of Venezuela plays a key role in the oceanic dynamics of the region, due to the depth, movement and <a href="Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a> of its waters. These physical and chemical features influence the gulf's capacity to absorb and dilute pollutants. Located north of the Maracaibo depression, the Gulf of Venezuela spans approximately 17,840 km<sup>2</sup>, excluding El Tablazo Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a roughly rectangular shape, with a major axis oriented northeast–southwest. Its outer boundary with the <a href="Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> is defined by a line stretching from Punta Espada to Punta Macolla, measuring 111.12 km.

</p><p>The gulf experiences a variety of water movements, including tides, sea currents, and mass water inversions, which contribute to its oxygenation and pollutant dilution capacity. Due to the arid climate of the surrounding continental territory, few rivers flow directly into the gulf. The main hydrological contributions come from the mountainous regions of <a href="Falc%C3%B3n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcón (state)">Falcón State</a>.

</p><p>Within the Lake Maracaibo basin, 21 major sub-basins have been identified, some extending beyond the political boundaries of Zulia. The most significant is the Catatumbo River Basin, covering 25,708.36 km<sup>2</sup>-representing more than a quarter (32.60%) of the total Maracaibo basin area.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soils">Soils</h3></div>

<p>The soils of Zulia, situated within the Lake Maracaibo depression, result from the interaction of various factors, including <a href="Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>, <a href="Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, parent material, <a href="Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, and <a href="Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">soil formation</a> processes.

</p><p>Zulia's edaphic diversity reflects the state's <a href="Physiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiography">physiography</a> and climatic conditions. To differentiate the existing soil types, the territory is typically divided into sectors. Although these areas may not be spatially continuous, they share similarities in soil characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetation">Vegetation</h3></div>

<p>Zulia, due to its large territorial extension and the significant variability in <a href="Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a>, climate, and soil, supports a great diversity of plant ecosystems. According to Huber's classification, these can be grouped into tree, shrub, and herbaceous formations. Tree formations include coastal mangroves, dry to semi-deciduous lowland forests, lowland evergreen forests, and mountain forests.

</p><p>It is estimated that the total area of mangroves in Zulia occupies 116.3 km<sup>2</sup> (44.9 mi<sup>2</sup>), located in the Cocinetas, Peonias, Sinamaica and Los Olivitos <a href="Lagoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagoons">lagoons</a>, as well as the mouth of the <a href="El_Lim%C3%B3n_River" title="El Limón River">Limón River</a>. The coastal wetlands of the entire Maracaibo system are estimated to cover 5,683 km<sup>2</sup> (2,194 mi<sup>2</sup>), with notable areas in the southern lake region including the swamps of Juan Manuel de Aguas Claras and Aguas Negras. Mangrove vegetation is generally dense and composed of predominant species such as red mangrove (<i><a href="Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">Rhizophora mangle</a></i>), black and pink mangrove (<i><a href="Avicennia_germinans" title="Avicennia germinans">Avicennia germinans</a></i>), <a href="White_mangrove" title="White mangrove">white mangrove</a> (<i><a href="Laguncularia_racemosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguncularia racemosa">Laguncularia racemosa</a></i>), and the buttonwood mangrove (<i><a href="Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The dry semi-deciduous lowland forest category occupies the largest area in the region, approximately 18,872.7 km<sup>2</sup> (7,286.8 mi<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plant formations are found along the western coast in the municipalities of Páez, Mara, Maracaibo, Jesús Enrique Lossada, <a href="San_Francisco_Municipality%2C_Zulia" title="San Francisco Municipality, Zulia">San Francisco</a>, La Cañada de Urdaneta, Rosario de Perijá, Machiques de Perijá, and parts of Catatumbo and Jesús María Semprúm.

</p><p>On the eastern coast, they are distributed in the municipalities of Miranda, Santa Rita, Cabimas, Simón Bolívar, <a href="Lagunillas_Municipality%2C_Zulia" title="Lagunillas Municipality, Zulia">Lagunillas</a>, and parts of Valmore Rodríguez. In the municipality of Páez, these formations occur in dry climates with an annual average temperature of 28 °C (82.4 °F), average annual rainfall of 125 mm to 250 mm (5 inches to 10 inches), and on <a href="Aridisol" title="Aridisol">Aridisol</a> and <a href="Entisol" title="Entisol">Entisol</a> soils. Vegetation varies in size, density, and species composition from the coastal zone to the foothills of the Oca mountains.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3></div>

<p>The fauna of Zulia is distributed according to its terrestrial or aquatic habitats, including both freshwater and marine environments, as well as lentic, lotic, and ecotone ecosystems. The dry subregion comprises the municipalities of Páez, Mara, Maracaibo, Miranda, Jesús Enrique Lossada, Cabinas, La Cañada de Urdaneta, and Lagunillas. This area is home to vulnerable animal populations at high risk of extinction in the medium term.

</p><p>Among the mammals, the <a href="Giant_anteater" title="Giant anteater">giant anteater</a> (’‘Myrmecophaga tridactyla’’), found especially in the northeast of the Lake Maracaibo basin, is threatened by poaching and often found dead on roadways.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelot</a> (’‘Leopardus pardalis’’) inhabits thorn forests, scrublands, and even mangrove forests. Though once more common, it is now threatened by indiscriminate hunting and habitat destruction, despite being under a permanent hunting ban.

</p><p>Other mammals of lower concern include the endemic brownish-gray <a href="Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">matacán deer</a> (’‘Mazama gouazoubira’’), found in arid areas and hunted for its highly valued meat, and the <a href="White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> (’‘Odocoileus virginianus gymnotis’’), which has declined by nearly 50% in Zulia's arid zones due to unregulated hunting. The desert yellow bat (’‘Rhogeessa minutilla’’), found in the northeast and northwest, has seen habitat loss due to livestock expansion.

</p><p>Among birds, the most threatened is the <a href="Red_siskin" title="Red siskin">red siskin</a> (’‘Carduelis cucullata’’), prized for its bright plumage and used historically as hat decorations. Other notable species include the <a href="American_flamingo" title="American flamingo">American flamingo</a> (’‘Phoenicopterus ruber’’), found in the Los Olivitos lagoon (Miranda Municipality) and Gran Eneal lagoon (Páez Municipality). While not endangered, flamingos face habitat degradation, prompting conservation efforts.

</p>

<p>Reptiles include the <a href="American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodile</a> (’‘Crocodylus acutus’’), now largely restricted to the Pueblo Viejo reservoir (Lagunillas), where it is endangered due to poaching for its skin. Also present is the <a href="Red-footed_tortoise" title="Red-footed tortoise">red-footed tortoise</a> (’‘Geochelone carbonaria’’), found in dry forests and illegally collected. Two species named in honor of the region are the turtle ‘‘Mesoclemmys zuliae’’<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lizard ‘‘Maracaiba zuliae’’.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the humid and sub-humid subregions—southeast, south, and southwest of Lake Maracaibo—animal populations overlap with those in dry areas, especially birds. However, additional species appear, such as the <a href="White-bellied_spider_monkey" title="White-bellied spider monkey">white-bellied spider monkey</a> (’‘Ateles belzebuth hybridus’’), native to humid forests of the Lake Maracaibo Basin, including those in the Perijá Mountains.

</p><p>The Perijá subregion, a mountainous area, supports diverse ecosystems with mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Notably, the <a href="Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">spectacled bear</a> (’‘Tremarctos ornatus’’) is critically endangered due to illegal hunting, despite being found in protected zones under Venezuelan law.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Cabinet_of_Venezuela#Federal_Council_of_Government" title="Cabinet of Venezuela">Cabinet of Venezuela § Federal Council of Government</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Constitution">State Constitution</h3></div>

<p>Since the creation of the Sovereign State of Zulia on February 17, 1864, with the approval of its first state constitution, the document has regulated the structure and function of Zulia's government. Like all Venezuelan state constitutions, it is subject to national judicial review, and any provision may be annulled if it conflicts with national law or the <a href="Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela</a>.

</p><p>The current Constitution of the State of Zulia was promulgated on August 13, 2003, and partially amended in 2011. It repealed the 1989 constitution and its partial amendments from 1993 and 2001.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_Power">Executive Power</h3></div>

<p>The executive power is represented by the <a href="Governor_of_Zulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Zulia">Governor of Zulia</a>. The governor is elected through direct and secret universal suffrage by all Venezuelan citizens residing in Zulia and registered in the state's electoral roll.

</p><p>To hold the office of governor, a person must be a Venezuelan citizen by birth with no other nationality, in full enjoyment of civil rights, over 25 years of age, and must have resided in the state for at least four years prior to the election (according to Article 69 of the Zulian constitution. Religious ministers and individuals holding national, state, or municipal office must step down from their positions before running.

</p><p>The governor serves a four-year term and may be re-elected an unlimited number of times.

</p>

<p>According to the state constitution, the governor is supported by a Council of Secretaries, including the General Secretariat of Government, and secretariats for Education, Infrastructure, Administration, Citizen Security and Defense, Culture, Higher Education Promotion, Health, Environment, Lands, and Territorial Planning, among others.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Power">Legislative Power</h3></div>

<p>The regional parliament is represented by the <a href="Legislative_Council_of_Zulia" title="Legislative Council of Zulia">Legislative Council of Zulia</a>, a unicameral body. It has the power to discuss and enact the Zulian constitution, pass laws within its jurisdiction, reform existing laws, or repeal those deemed obsolete. The council is also responsible for approving the regional budget and overseeing the actions of the executive branch.

</p><p>The Legislative Council consists of 15 members known as “Legislators.” In the most recent election, the state was divided into 11 electoral districts. Voters in each district elect a number of legislators proportional to the population of their respective municipalities, according to the official census by the <a href="Statistics_National_Institute_(Venezuela)" title="Statistics National Institute (Venezuela)">National Institute of Statistics (INE)</a>. Legislators serve renewable four-year terms and are elected by popular vote in accordance with the Zulian and national constitutions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div>

<p>Security and public order in the state are the responsibility of the Regional Police of Zulia, officially known as the Corps of Police of the State of Zulia, which operates under the authority of the state government. At the municipal level, most local governments maintain their own police forces, established through decentralization and based on the provisions of Article 164 of the Constitution of Venezuela (1999) and Article 25 of the Constitution of the State of Zulia (2003).

</p><p>Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, Zulia maintains its own police force, which is supported and complemented by the <a href="Bolivarian_National_Police" title="Bolivarian National Police">Bolivarian National Police</a> and the <a href="Bolivarian_National_Guard_of_Venezuela" title="Bolivarian National Guard of Venezuela">Bolivarian National Guard of Venezuela</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipalities_and_municipal_seats">Municipalities and municipal seats</h2></div>

<p>Zulia covers an area of 63,100 km<sup>2</sup>, which represents 5.50% of Venezuela's national territory. This area includes continental, insular, lacustrine, and maritime zones. The continental territory is divided into 21 municipalities (<i>municipios</i>), with the largest by area being Machiques de Perijá (18.90%), Jesus Maria Semprum (11.95%), Catatumbo (10.40%), Rosario de Perijá (7.79%) and Colón (6.71%), which together account for more than 50% of the state's total area.

</p>

</caption>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<table>

<td>

<th>Municipality</th>

<th>Population<br> (2011 census, preliminary)</th>

<th>Seat

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Almirante Padilla</td>

<td>El Toro

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Baralt_Municipality" title="Baralt Municipality">Baralt</a></td>

<td>San Timoteo, Venezuela

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cabimas</td>

<td><a href="Cabimas" title="Cabimas">Cabimas</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Catatumbo</td>

<td>Encontrados

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Colón</td>

<td><a href="San_Carlos_del_Zulia" title="San Carlos del Zulia">San Carlos del Zulia</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Francisco Javier Pulgar</td>

<td>Pueblo Nuevo <a href="El_Chivo" title="El Chivo">El Chivo</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Guajira</td>

<td><a href="Sinamaica" title="Sinamaica">Sinamaica</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Jes%C3%BAs_Enrique_Lossada_Municipality" title="Jesús Enrique Lossada Municipality">Jesús Enrique Lossada</a></td>

<td>La Concepción

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Jesús María Semprún</td>

<td><a href="Casigua-El_Cubo" title="Casigua-El Cubo">Casigua-El Cubo</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>La Cañada de Urdaneta</td>

<td>Concepción

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lagunillas_Municipality%2C_Zulia" title="Lagunillas Municipality, Zulia">Lagunillas</a></td>

<td><a href="Ciudad_Ojeda" title="Ciudad Ojeda">Ciudad Ojeda</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Machiques de Perijá</td>

<td><a href="Machiques" title="Machiques">Machiques</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="San_Rafael_del_Moj%C3%A1n" title="San Rafael del Moján">San Rafael del Moján</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Maracaibo_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracaibo Municipality">Maracaibo</a></td>

<td><a href="Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Miranda</td>

<td><a href="Los_Puertos_de_Altagracia" title="Los Puertos de Altagracia">Los Puertos de Altagracia</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Rosario_de_Perij%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosario de Perijá">Rosario de Perijá</a></td>

<td><a href="La_Villa_del_Rosario" class="mw-redirect" title="La Villa del Rosario">La Villa del Rosario</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="San_Francisco_Municipality%2C_Zulia" title="San Francisco Municipality, Zulia">San Francisco</a></td>

<td>San Francisco

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Santa Rita</td>

<td>Santa Rita

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Simón Bolívar</td>

<td>Tía Juana

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sucre</td>

<td>Bobures

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Valmore Rodríguez</td>

<td>Bachaquero

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div>

<p>The region possesses significant economic resources, including <a href="Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and <a href="Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> production. Its economy is primarily based on oil and natural gas. Oil activity has been conducted intensively since 1912, both on land and in <a href="Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>, generating income that extends beyond the regional scope, as it serves as a major pillar of the national economy.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zulia contributes a large share of the country's <a href="History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">oil and hydrocarbon production</a>. Additionally, the <a href="Guasare_coalfield" title="Guasare coalfield">coal mines of El Guasare</a> are among the most important in Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The high potential of the soils in the southern region of Lake Maracaibo supports significant agricultural and livestock development. Zulia ranks first nationally in the production of several agricultural and livestock products: <a href="Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a>, <a href="Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">grapes</a>, <a href="Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, cheese, <a href="Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> second in <a href="Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>; and third in <a href="Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a> (’‘cambur’’), and <a href="Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a>. Other crops include <a href="Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> (’‘yucca’’), <a href="Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="Melon" title="Melon">melon</a>, and <a href="Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>. Forest production is also notable.

</p>

<p>Maritime resources make Zulia the second-largest supplier of <a href="Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> in Venezuela. In Lake Maracaibo, the main species caught include <a href="Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">bass</a>, <a href="Horse_mackerel" title="Horse mackerel">horse mackerel</a>, <a href="Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, <a href="Blue_crab" title="Blue crab">blue crab</a>, smallmouth bass, mojarra (’‘morning’’), and seabass. In the <a href="Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a>, the catch includes <a href="Dogfish" class="mw-disambig" title="Dogfish">dogfish</a>, horse mackerel, <a href="Grouper" title="Grouper">grouper</a>, and <a href="Snapper" class="mw-disambig" title="Snapper">snapper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> was once abundant prior to the 1970s, but overfishing led to a marked decline in their population.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1873

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">59,235</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1881

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">72,509</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.56%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1891

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">85,456</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.66%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1920

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">119,458</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1926

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">204,075</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1936

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">275,421</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.04%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1941

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">345,667</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1950

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">560,336</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.51%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">919,863</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.61%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1971

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,299,030</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.51%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,674,252</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1990

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,235,305</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,983,679</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.66%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011

</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,704,404</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.19%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>There is significant ethnic and racial diversity in Zulia. The migration of Venezuelans from other regions and immigrants from neighboring countries, combined with the presence of indigenous communities, has contributed to the state's rich and unique cultural identity.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3></div>

<p>The demonym for the people of the Zulia is <a href="Zulian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulian">Zulians</a>.

According to the 2011 census, the racial composition of the population was as follows: <sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>Racial composition</th>

<th>Population</th>

<th>%

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mestizos_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Venezuela">Mestizo</a></td>

<td style="text-align:right;">50.3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Venezuelan_of_European_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan of European descent">White</a></td>

<td style="text-align:right;">46.3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Afro-Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Venezuelan">Black</a></td>

<td style="text-align:right;">2.8

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Other races</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">0.6

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Luis_Aparicio" title="Luis Aparicio">Luis Aparicio</a> (born 1934) – <a href="National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">Baseball Hall of Fame</a> <a href="MLB" class="mw-redirect" title="MLB">MLB</a> shortstop, 1956 AL Rookie of the Year; 13-time All-Star, 9-time Gold Glove winner.</li>

<li><a href="Rafael_Urdaneta" title="Rafael Urdaneta">Rafael Urdaneta</a> (1788–1845) – Hero of the <a href="Spanish_American_Wars_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish American Wars of Independence">Spanish American Wars of Independence</a> and close ally of <a href="Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Ricardo_Montaner" title="Ricardo Montaner">Ricardo Montaner</a> (born 1957) – Internationally successful Venezuelan-Argentinian singer-songwriter.</li>

<li><a href="Humberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Mor%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Humberto Fernández Morán">Humberto Fernández Morán</a> (1924–1999) – Renowned scientist, founder of IVIC; inventor of the <a href="Diamond_knife" title="Diamond knife">diamond knife</a> used in electron microscopy.</li>

<li><a href="Rafael_Mar%C3%ADa_Baralt" title="Rafael María Baralt">Rafael María Baralt</a> (1810–1860) – Diplomat, writer, philologist, and the first Latin American to become a member of the <a href="Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>.</li>

<li><a href="L._Rafael_Reif" title="L. Rafael Reif">L. Rafael Reif</a> (born 1950) – Former President of <a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> (2012–2022); Venezuelan-American engineer.</li>

<li><a href="Felipe_Pirela" title="Felipe Pirela">Felipe Pirela</a> (1941–1972) – Iconic <a href="Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a> singer known as “El Bolerista de América.”</li>

<li><a href="Betulio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Betulio González">Betulio González</a> (born 1949) – Three-time world boxing champion in the <a href="Flyweight" title="Flyweight">flyweight</a> category.</li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Sarcos" title="Daniel Sarcos">Daniel Sarcos</a> (born 1967) – Popular television host in Venezuela and internationally on <a href="Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Vivian_Urdaneta" title="Vivian Urdaneta">Vivian Urdaneta</a> (born 1979) – <a href="Miss_International_2000" title="Miss International 2000">Miss International 2000</a> and <a href="Miss_Venezuela" title="Miss Venezuela">Miss Venezuela</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Patricia_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Patricia Velásquez">Patricia Velásquez</a> (born 1971) – International fashion model and actress (appeared in <i><a href="The_Mummy_(franchise)#Stephen_Sommers_series_(1999–2008)" title="The Mummy (franchise)">The Mummy</a></i> films).</li>

<li><a href="Monica_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Monica Spear">Monica Spear</a> (1984–2014) – <a href="Miss_Venezuela" title="Miss Venezuela">Miss Venezuela</a> 2004, <a href="Miss_Universe_2005" title="Miss Universe 2005">Miss Universe 2005</a> 4th runner-up, actress. Tragically killed in a robbery in 2014.</li>

<li><a href="Ulises_Hadjis" title="Ulises Hadjis">Ulises Hadjis</a> (born 1982) – <a href="Latin_Grammy_Awards" title="Latin Grammy Awards">Latin Grammy</a>-nominated indie singer-songwriter.</li>

<li><a href="Javier_Castellano" title="Javier Castellano">Javier Castellano</a> (born 1977) – U.S.-based jockey, <a href="Eclipse_Award" title="Eclipse Award">Eclipse Award</a> winner four times in a row (2013–2016), <a href="National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a> inductee.</li>

<li><a href="Luis_Matos_(baseball%2C_born_2002)" title="Luis Matos (baseball, born 2002)">Luis Matos</a> (born 2002), <a href="Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> outfielder for the <a href="San_Francisco_Giants" title="San Francisco Giants">San Francisco Giants</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Juan_Rinc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Rincón">Juan Rincón</a> (born 1979), former MLB relief pitcher, later served as a professional baseball coach.</li>

<li><a href="Ignacio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Iturbe" title="Ignacio Rodríguez Iturbe">Ignacio Rodríguez Iturbe</a> (1942–2022), hydrologist and professor, co-founder of ecohydrology and recipient of the <a href="Stockholm_Water_Prize" title="Stockholm Water Prize">Stockholm Water Prize</a> in 2002.</li>

<li><a href="Gustavo_Valderrama" title="Gustavo Valderrama">Gustavo Valderrama</a> (born 1977), former Venezuelan volleyball player who represented Venezuela in international competitions, including the <a href="2008_Beijing_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Beijing Olympics">2008 Beijing Olympics</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3></div>

<p>Zulia is home to the <a href="%C3%81guilas_del_Zulia" title="Águilas del Zulia">Águilas del Zulia</a>, a team in the <a href="Venezuelan_Professional_Baseball_League" title="Venezuelan Professional Baseball League">Venezuelan Professional Baseball League</a>. They play at <a href="Estadio_Luis_Aparicio_El_Grande" title="Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande">Luis Aparicio El Grande Stadium</a> in Maracaibo and have held exhibition games at Víctor Davalillo Stadium in Cabimas since 2011. The Águilas are one of Venezuela's most popular and successful baseball teams.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football_(Soccer)">Football (Soccer)</h3></div>

<p>Football has grown in popularity in recent decades. <a href="Zulia_F%C3%BAtbol_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulia Fútbol Club">Zulia Fútbol Club</a>, active from 2005 to 2022, played in the <a href="Venezuelan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n" title="Venezuelan Primera División">Primera División</a> and was based at <a href="Estadio_Jos%C3%A9_Pachencho_Romero" title="Estadio José Pachencho Romero">Estadio José Encarnación “Pachencho” Romero</a>. In 2022, the club merged with <a href="Deportivo_Rayo_Zuliano" title="Deportivo Rayo Zuliano">Deportivo Rayo Zuliano</a>, which now represents the state in the top division.

Other teams include <a href="Deportivo_JBL_del_Zulia" title="Deportivo JBL del Zulia">Deportivo JBL del Zulia</a> (<a href="Venezuelan_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n" title="Venezuelan Segunda División"> Segunda División</a>), and historically <a href="Titanes_F.C." title="Titanes F.C.">Titanes F.C.</a> and Zulia FC B.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3></div>

<p>The state's top basketball team is <a href="Gaiteros_del_Zulia" title="Gaiteros del Zulia">Gaiteros del Zulia</a>, four-time champions of the <a href="Superliga_Profesional_de_Baloncesto" title="Superliga Profesional de Baloncesto">Venezuelan professional league</a> (1984, 1985, 1996, 2001). They play at the Gimnasio Pedro Elías Belisario Aponte in Maracaibo.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads_and_highways">Roads and highways</h3></div>

<p>Zulia has one of Venezuela's most extensive road networks, befitting its location in the country's west.

</p><p>The main highways include:

</p>

<ul><li>C1 (Highway 1)—Begins at the Distribuidor Las Delicias in Maracaibo and leads to the western head of the Rafael Urdaneta Bridge.</li>

<li>Trunk 6—Runs from Castilletes through Maracaibo to the border with Táchira, serving the entire western region of the state.</li>

<li>Trunk 17 (Lara-Zulia Highway)— Connects the eastern head of the Rafael Urdaneta Bridge with the state of Lara and the central-west of Venezuela.</li>

<li>Trunk 3 (Falcon-Zulia Highway)—Links Zulia with Falcón and further into central Venezuela.</li>

<li>Trunk 1 (<a href="Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>)—Integrates the southern areas of Zulia with Mérida and Trujillo.</li>

<li>Intercommunal Trunk—Serves the communities along the eastern shore of Lake Maracaibo.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transportation">Air transportation</h3></div>

<p>The region's primary airport is <a href="La_Chinita_International_Airport" title="La Chinita International Airport">La Chinita International Airport</a>, located in <a href="San_Francisco_Municipality%2C_Zulia" title="San Francisco Municipality, Zulia">San Francisco</a>, part of Greater Maracaibo. It’s Venezuela's third-busiest airport, with over 1.5 million annual boardings. Domestic flights connect to <a href="Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="Valencia%2C_Venezuela" title="Valencia, Venezuela">Valencia</a>, <a href="Barquisimeto" title="Barquisimeto">Barquisimeto</a>, <a href="Matur%C3%ADn" title="Maturín">Maturín</a>, <a href="Ciudad_Guayana" title="Ciudad Guayana">Ciudad Guayana</a>, <a href="San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_T%C3%A1chira" title="San Cristóbal, Táchira">San Cristóbal</a>, <a href="Porlamar" title="Porlamar">Porlamar</a>, <a href="M%C3%A9rida%2C_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida"> Mérida</a>, and <a href="Puerto_La_Cruz" title="Puerto La Cruz">Puerto La Cruz</a>. It also offers international routes across the <a href="Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and to <a href="North_America" title="North America">North</a>, <a href="Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a>, and <a href="South_America" title="South America">South</a> America.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other airports include <a href="Oro_Negro_Airport" title="Oro Negro Airport">Oro Negro Airport</a> in <a href="Cabimas" title="Cabimas">Cabimas</a> (Costa Oriental del Lago) and <a href="Miguel_Urdaneta_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Airport" title="Miguel Urdaneta Fernández Airport">Miguel Urdaneta Fernández Airport</a> in <a href="Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_del_Zulia" title="Santa Bárbara del Zulia">Santa Bárbara del Zulia</a> (southern Lake region).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Maracaibo_Metro" title="Maracaibo Metro">Maracaibo Metro</a> is a multi-modal urban transit system combining surface, aerial, and underground lines. It opened for free pre-operational service on November 25, 2006, and began commercial operations on June 9, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Network expansion is currently underway.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_transportation">Aquatic transportation</h3></div>

<p>Maracaibo hosts one of Venezuela's most important ports—a key colonial and modern hub. Zulia has 83 docking ports, including the major La Salina oil terminal and the El Tablazo petrochemical terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div>

<p>The most important newspapers produced in the region are <a href="La_Verdad_(Venezuela)" title="La Verdad (Venezuela)">La Verdad</a> and <a href="Diario_Panorama" title="Diario Panorama">Panorama</a>, both based in Maracaibo, with <i>Panorama</i> being one of the three main newspapers of national circulation. <i>El Regional del Zulia </i>, based in <a href="Ciudad_Ojeda" title="Ciudad Ojeda">Ciudad Ojeda</a>, is also among the most read in the state.

</p><p>Zulia also has several local open signal television stations, including <a href="Canal_11_(Venezuela)" title="Canal 11 (Venezuela)">NCTV (Niños Cantores Televisión)</a>, Channel 11 VHF. Other stations include Televiza (Channel 7 VHF), Telecolor (Channel 41 UHF), Global TV (Channel 65 UHF), and Catatumbo Televisión (Channel 31 UHF). Cable stations include ATEL (Americana de Televisión) and Coquivacoa Televisión, all based in Maracaibo.

</p><p>On the Eastern Coast of the Lake, there are stations such as Zuliana de Televisión (Channels 28 and 30 UHF), and cable channels like TV COL (Televisora de la Costa Oriental del Lago) and Ciudad TV. In the western zone of the Perijá region, there are several radio stations and cable operators, including Ganadera 88.1, Sierra 99.1, Momentos 107.3, Selecta 102.7, Oye 90.9, Fe y Alegría 105.5, Rosario 95.5, Multivisión (cable operator), and Imagen TV (cable channel).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div>

<p>The majority of the population is Christian, a legacy of Spanish colonization). The largest church is the Catholic Church, with special devotion to the Virgin Mary under her title <a href="Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_Chiquinquir%C3%A1" title="Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá">Our Lady of Chiquinquirá</a>, whose annual feast is a major element of Zulian culture. The state's constitution guarantees freedom of worship, and multiple Protestant and other religious communities are present.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div>

<p>Spanish—particularly the local Marabino dialect—is the primary language. Indigenous languages persist, especially <a href="Wayuu_people" title="Wayuu people">Wayuu language</a> (the largest indigenous language in Zulia), mainly on the Guajira Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Other indigenous languages include Yukpa (~7,500 speakers), Bari (~8,000), and Japreria (~95), each endangered. Zulia is the only Venezuelan state where <a href="Voseo" title="Voseo">Voseo</a> (use of “vos”) is widespread. Both Spanish and indigenous languages are recognized by the state government, but Spanish predominates in official and public spheres.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_symbols">Regional symbols</h3></div>

<p>Zulia's symbols—its state hymn (1909), coat of arms (1917), and flag (1991)—are enshrined in the constitution, reinforcing the state's political and cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_symbols">Natural symbols</h3></div>

<p>Nature symbols include:

</p>

<ul><li>Coconut tree (Cocos nucifera)</li>

<li>Chinese rose (<a href="Hibiscus_%C3%97_rosa-sinensis" title="Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis">Hibiscus rosa‑sinensis</a>)</li>

<li>Brown pelican (<a href="Brown_pelican" title="Brown pelican">Pelecanus occidentalis</a>), a local emblematic bird</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Census2011-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2011_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf">"Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ine.gov.ve. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airports/maracaibo-la-chinita-airport-mar">"Maracaibo La Chinita Airport Profile"</a>. <i>Centre for Aviation CAPA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urbanrail.net/am/mara/maracaibo.htm">"Maracaibo Metro"</a>. <i>UrbanRail.Net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipologistics.com/en/cang-bien-chinh-cua-venezuela/">"Main Ports of Venezuela"</a>. <i>IPO Logistics Vietnam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-data-for-venezuela/">"Language data for Venezuela"</a>. <i>Translators Without Borders</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paedica.com.ve/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Simbolos-del-Zulia.pdf">"Símbolos del Estado Zulia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PAEDICA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zulia_(state)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Zulia (state)">Zulia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela331" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" title="Administrative divisions of Venezuela">Administrative divisions of Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Capital_District_(Venezuela)" title="Capital District (Venezuela)">Capital District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)" title="Amazonas (Venezuelan state)">Amazonas</a></li>

<li><a href="Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a></li>

<li><a href="Apure" title="Apure">Apure</a></li>

<li><a href="Aragua" title="Aragua">Aragua</a></li>

<li><a href="Barinas_(state)" title="Barinas (state)">Barinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Bol%C3%ADvar_(state)" title="Bolívar (state)">Bolívar</a></li>

<li><a href="Carabobo" title="Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li>

<li><a href="Cojedes_(state)" title="Cojedes (state)">Cojedes</a></li>

<li><a href="Delta_Amacuro" title="Delta Amacuro">Delta Amacuro</a></li>

<li><a href="Falc%C3%B3n" title="Falcón">Falcón</a></li>

<li><a href="Gu%C3%A1rico" title="Guárico">Guárico</a></li>

<li><a href="Vargas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vargas (state)">La Guaira</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%A9rida_(state)" title="Mérida (state)">Mérida</a></li>

<li><a href="Miranda_(state)" title="Miranda (state)">Miranda</a></li>

<li><a href="Monagas" title="Monagas">Monagas</a></li>

<li><a href="Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguesa_(state)" title="Portuguesa (state)">Portuguesa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sucre_(state)" title="Sucre (state)">Sucre</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a></li>

<li><a href="Trujillo_(state)" title="Trujillo (state)">Trujillo</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaracuy" title="Yaracuy">Yaracuy</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Los_Monjes_Archipelago" title="Los Monjes Archipelago">Los Monjes Archipelago</a></li>

<li><a href="Las_Aves_Archipelago" title="Las Aves Archipelago">Las Aves Archipelago</a></li>

<li><a href="Isla_de_Aves" title="Isla de Aves">Aves Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Los_Hermanos_Archipelago" title="Los Hermanos Archipelago">Los Hermanos Archipelago</a></li>

<li><a href="Los_Frailes_Archipelago" title="Los Frailes Archipelago">Los Frailes Archipelago</a></li>

<li><a href="Los_Roques_Archipelago" title="Los Roques Archipelago">Los Roques Archipelago</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Sola_Island" title="La Sola Island">La Sola Island</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Tortuga_Island" title="La Tortuga Island">La Tortuga Island</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Orchila_Island" title="La Orchila Island">La Orchila Island</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Blanquilla_Island" title="La Blanquilla Island">La Blanquilla Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Los_Testigos_Islands" title="Los Testigos Islands">Los Testigos Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Patos_Island_(Venezuela)" title="Patos Island (Venezuela)">Patos Island</a></li>

<li><i>Francisco de Miranda Insular Territory</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andean_Region%2C_Venezuela" title="Andean Region, Venezuela">Andean</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_Region%2C_Venezuela" title="Capital Region, Venezuela">Capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Region%2C_Venezuela" title="Central Region, Venezuela">Central</a></li>

<li><a href="Central-Western_Region%2C_Venezuela" title="Central-Western Region, Venezuela">Central-Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Region%2C_Venezuela" title="Eastern Region, Venezuela">Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Guayana_Region%2C_Venezuela" title="Guayana Region, Venezuela">Guayana</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_Region%2C_Venezuela" title="Insular Region, Venezuela">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Llanos_Region%2C_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Llanos Region, Venezuela">Llanos</a></li>

<li><a href="Zulian_Region%2C_Venezuela" title="Zulian Region, Venezuela">Zulian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Disputed state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">Guayana Esequiba</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Federal_Territories_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Territories of Venezuela">Federal Territories</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amazonas_Federal_Territory" title="Amazonas Federal Territory">Amazonas Federal Territory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1864–1992)</span></li>

<li><a href="Delta_Amacuro_Federal_Territory" title="Delta Amacuro Federal Territory">Delta Amacuro Federal Territory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1884–1991)</span></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup> Claimed by <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> but administered by <a href="Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43269#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1662" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43269#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1662" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126093725">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206022">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjwBc8WJVbMFDxC4fjq9cP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/110848-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79089267">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12147786m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12147786m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zulia (Venezuela)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge507286&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548074605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f76c356a-1061-4050-bba1-527dc3a941e5">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029963494">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/5352dd0d-d68d-4a35-a1be-c401070e44ea">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Zulia&oldid=1304101690">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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